Carrying banners with slogans like "Make Our Planet Great Again" and "Make Love, Not Carbon Dioxide", the children streamed through the centre of The Hague to urge governments to take action.
Dutch media said they counted around 4,000 students taking part but organisers said up to 15,000 people attended, with trains into the city packed full of young people.
"I'm here to be a part of a movement that shows the government that there's a lot of people that care about our climate, about our world," Hugo Kapteijn, 16, a student from Hilversum, near Amsterdam, told AFP.
"We want the government to step up and take action against the horrific practices of businesses and polluters and everything like that."
Pierre Viguier, 16, who is also from Hilversum, added: "It's our generation that is coming so it will be up to us to deal with the consequences of what is happening now." "So if we change now, we will have less to change (in future)".