A total of eight attackers armed with rocket propelled grenades and automatic weapons were killed, Afghan officials said. The assault came as the usual summer fighting season should be drawing to a close, indicating that the insurgency remains resilient after surviving the biggest onslaught US-led forces will throw against them.
The last of the extra 33,000 soldiers President Barack Obama deployed in a "surge" nearly three years ago left in September, and the vast majority of the remaining Nato force of more than 100,000 will follow by the end of 2014.
One of the aims of the surge was to put so much pressure on the Taliban that they would come to the negotiating table, but the insurgents called off early contacts in March.
The Taliban claimed its militants had managed to enter the base and caused heavy casualties but this was denied by Nato's International Security Assistance Force (ISAF).
"Insurgents including suicide bombers attacked the perimeter of the Jalalabad air base this morning," a spokesman told AFP. "None of the attackers succeeded breaching the perimeter. "I can confirm that there were helicopters involved in the coalition response to the attack.
"A number of ISAF forces were wounded," he added, noting that it was ISAF policy not to disclose the toll of those injured.
Three Afghan guards were killed and 14 wounded, while two civilians also died and four others were injured, police spokesman Hazrat Hussain Mashriqiwal told AFP. The Taliban claimed their militants had entered the airport and caused heavy casualties.