Analysts are predicting a tight outcome to the April 16 referendum on a new constitution and Turkish ministers have planned major rallies in key EU cities to win votes from millions of Turks residing abroad.
But Turkey's Family Minister Fatma Betul Sayan Kaya was expelled after being prevented from addressing a rally in the Dutch port city of Rotterdam.
Also this weekend, The Hague refused to allow Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu's plane to land ahead of a planned rally.
"Hey Holland! If you are sacrificing Turkish-Dutch relations for the sake of the elections on Wednesday, you will pay a price," an angry Erdogan told a ceremony in Istanbul, referring to the March 15 election in Turkey's NATO ally.
"They will learn what diplomacy is," he growled, adding that what happened "cannot remain unanswered."
"If you let horses, dogs on my citizens you have to be held to account," he said, referring to dogs, horses and water cannons used by Dutch police to disperse pro-Erdogan demonstrators after clashes in Rotterdam early Sunday. But Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte ruled out apologising, saying: "There's absolutely no way excuses can be made, they should make excuses for what they've done yesterday."
Erdogan reaffirmed his accusations from Saturday that the Dutch behaviour over the Turkish visits was "Nazism, fascism".
Speaking at a rally in the French city of Metz - which was allowed to go ahead - Cavusoglu described the Netherlands as the "capital of fascism".
'West shows true face'
Faced with an upsurge in support for the far-right, European governments have come under pressure to take a hard line on Erdogan, who is accused by critics of seeking one-man rule in the constitutional changes.
Danish Prime Minister Lars Lokke on Sunday called on his Turkish counterpart Binali Yildirim to delay a planned March visit because of the "tensions".
Police clashed with pro-Erdogan demonstrators in the Netherlands overnight while in Istanbul on Sunday a man climbed onto the roof of the Dutch consulate and replaced the Dutch flag with a Turkish flag. A Dutch foreign ministry spokeswoman told AFP that the Netherlands had "protested to the Turkish authorities" over the incident.
The latest row came after NATO allies Turkey and Germany sparred over the cancellation of a series of referendum campaign events there.
"The West has clearly shown its true face in the last couple of days," Erdogan said.
"What we have seen is a clear manifestation of Islamophobia," he added.
The president indicated that he himself plans to travel to Europe for rallies, a move that could potentially create an even greater row.
In Metz, Cavusoglu was welcomed by some 800 flag-waving Turks. French Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault said in a statement there was "no reason to prohibit this gathering".
"I thank France. France was not deceived by such games," Erdogan said.
In a later speech outside Istanbul, Erdogan called on "all international organisations" to impose sanctions on the Netherlands, who he said was behaving "like a banana republic".
'Rough treatment'
The diplomatic row triggered clashes in Rotterdam, where after several hours of calm demonstrations, police moved in to disperse over 1,000 people gathered near the Turkish consulate, charging the crowd on horseback and using dogs to regain control.
The Netherlands is home to some 400,000 people of Turkish origin while Germany has 1.4 million people eligible to vote in Turkey - the fourth-largest electoral base after the cities of Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir.
In Wednesday's polls Rutte faces a strong challenge from the party of far-right anti-Islam MP Geert Wilders.