"Our goal continues to be to send a clear message to Russia or others not to do this to us because we can do stuff to you," the US president told a year-end press conference, at which he went the furthest yet towards pinning direct blame for the hacks on Putin.
"Not much happens in Russia without Vladimir Putin," Obama said. "I mean, this is a pretty hierarchical operation last I checked, there's not a lot of debate and democratic deliberation, particularly when it comes to policies directed at the United States." After being alerted over the summer to Russian cyber attacks on his and Clinton's Democratic Party, Obama said, his chief concern was to ensure the hacking did not escalate and hamper the vote counting last month.
"In early September when I saw President Putin in China, I felt that the most effective way to ensure that that didn't happen was to talk to him directly and tell him to cut it out and there were going to be serious consequences if he didn't," Obama said.
"And in fact we did not see further tampering of the election process," he added. Regarding specific acts of retaliation, Obama said some would be carried out publicly, but that in other cases, "the message will be directly received by the Russians and not publicised." "At a point in time where we've taken certain actions that we can divulge publicly, we will do so," Obama said.
"Part of why the Russians have been effective on this is because they don't go around announcing what they're doing," he added. Obama also said there was "some evidence" of China curbing cyber espionage in response to US warnings. "I had to have the same conversation with President Xi (Jinping) and what we've seen is some evidence that they have reduced but not completely eliminated these activities," he said.